Towards A New Opportunistic IoT Network Architecture for Wildlife Monitoring System

In this paper we introduce an opportunistic dual radio IoT network architecture for wildlife monitoring systems (WMS). Since data processing consumes less energy than transmitting the raw data, the proposed architecture leverages opportunistic mobile networks in a fixed LPWAN IoT network infrastructure. This solution will facilitate an IoT devices to be deployed for ultra-low power and sustainable wildlife monitoring applications. As part of the IoT infrastructure, a LoRa based network is presented with coverage characterization and preliminary test bed deployment for wildlife tracking purpose. In addition, through simulation, the utilization of existing BLE based opportunistic data collection protocols for the proposed architecture is investigated

Asynchronous Dual Radio Opportunistic Beacon Network Protocol for Wildlife Monitoring System

Currently there are several technologies such as opportunistic wireless sensor networks deployed to monitor wildlife. Due to network complexity and lack of full connectivity, the collected data is often either saved on internal memory for later off-line data transfer or relayed to sink nodes. In this paper, however, we introduce an asynchronous dual interface opportunistic beacon network for animal monitoring. Unlike conventional opportunistic networks which are based on multi-copy data replication techniques, our approach utilizes an optimized single-copy beacon data transmission to achieve high energy efficiency. Furthermore, the collected data is aggregated and relayed to the central system by leveraging a low power and long range radio to provide high connectivity coverage. This approach will allow to facilitate ultra-low power IoT devices to be deployed for sustainable wildlife monitoring applications. We evaluate the proposed approach in an actual animal movement use-case scenario. The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the traditional opportunistic networks in-terms of energy consumption and packet delivery ratio

HAMA: A Herd-Movement Adaptive MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper we propose HAMA, i.e. a herd-movement adaptive medium access control protocol suitable for wireless sensor networks with mobile nodes. The specific focus of HAMA is wildlife monitoring applications, in which network protocol is required to adapt to the movement patterns of herds to make the communication more energy-efficient and reliable. The protocol is an extension of preamble sampling scheme with an adaptive sleep-interval based on network traffic conditions. We have implemented and evaluated HAMA on Contiki Cooja platform. Our simulation results show 22.28%-52.28% reduction of average network energy consumption as well as 11.65%-14.63% reduction of average end-to-end latency when HAMA is compared with A-MAC and X- MAC. The overall packet reliability of the gateway node(s) is also increased by up to 16.3%

MANER: Managed Data Dissemination Scheme for LoRa IoT Enabled Wildlife Monitoring System (WMS)

In this paper, we introduce dual radio based IoT network architecture for wildlife monitoring system (WMS). This solution will facilitate an IoT devices to be deployed for sustainable wildlife monitoring applications. In addition we present MANER, a managed data dissemination scheme for WMS. In MANER, data forwarding is optimized with a replication function to control and prioritize data dissemination. In WMS scenario wild animals show a sparsely con-specific mobility, which often results in a sporadic wireless link among nodes. Unlike existing opportunistic algorithms, MANER optimally makes forwarding decisions by leveraging locally available information. Hence, the proposed algorithm adopts to dynamic network topology due to the inherent intermittent connectivity among mobile herd of animals. We evaluated the performance of MANER by considering standard and real-life mobility models. Experimental results indicated that MANER decreases the average latency by up-to 65%, when compared to benchmark opportunistic algorithms. In addition MANER readily increased the network delivery ratio for various data traffic rates

Leveraging BLE and LoRa in IoT Network for Wildlife Monitoring System (WMS)

In this paper we propose a new dual radio IoT network architecture for wildlife monitoring system (WMS). WMS leverages bluetooth low energy (BLE) in low power wide area networks (LPWANs) by dynamically changing the operating radio based on the proximity among herd of wild animals. This approach will facilitate ultra-low power IoT devices to be deployed for sustainable wildlife monitoring application. In addition we present an analytical model to investigate the performance of the proposed IoT network in terms of energy consumption under a wildlife monitoring use-case. The simulation results show that the dual radio network leads to a higher energy efficiency when compared to the network utilizing only LPWAN. Moreover, our network readily doubles the network life time for various data traffic rates

Potential of Wake-Up Radio-Based MAC Protocols for Implantable Body Sensor Networks (IBSN)—A Survey

With the advent of nano-technology, medical sensors and devices are becoming highly miniaturized. Consequently, the number of sensors and medical devices being implanted to accurately monitor and diagnose a disease is increasing. By measuring the symptoms and controlling a medical device as close as possible to the source, these implantable devices are able to save lives. A wireless link between medical sensors and implantable medical devices is essential in the case of closed-loop medical devices, in which symptoms of the diseases are monitored by sensors that are not placed in close proximity of the therapeutic device. Medium Access Control (MAC) is crucial to make it possible for several medical devices to communicate using a shared wireless medium in such a way that minimum delay, maximum throughput, and increased network life-time are guaranteed. To guarantee this Quality of Service (QoS), the MAC protocols control the main sources of limited resource wastage, namely the idle-listening, packet collisions, over-hearing, and packet loss. Traditional MAC protocols designed for body sensor networks are not directly applicable to Implantable Body Sensor Networks (IBSN) because of the dynamic nature of the radio channel within the human body and the strict QoS requirements of IBSN applications. Although numerous MAC protocols are available in the literature, the majority of them are designed for Body Sensor Network (BSN) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). To the best of our knowledge, there is so far no research paper that explores the impact of these MAC protocols specifically for IBSN. MAC protocols designed for implantable devices are still in their infancy and one of their most challenging objectives is to be ultra-low-power. One of the technological solutions to achieve this objective so is to integrate the concept of Wake-up radio (WuR) into the MAC design. In this survey, we present a taxonomy of MAC protocols based on their use of WuR technology and identify their bottlenecks to be used in IBSN applications. Furthermore, we present a number of open research challenges and requirements for designing an energy-efficient and reliable wireless communication protocol for IBSN